January–December 2019
January • February • March • April • May • June • July • August • September • October • November • December
The following is an archive of past Japanese Art Society of America lectures and special events. Go to JASA Programs for our most current schedule.
January
Wednesday, January 23, 6 p.m.
The Marymount School
1026 Fifth Ave., between 83rd and 84th Streets
New York, NY
The Politics of Painting: Fascism and Japanese Art during the Second World War
Asato Ikeda will be presenting from her new book, The Politics of Painting: Fascism and Japanese Art during the Second World War (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2018). The book examines a set of paintings produced in Japan during the 1930s and early 1940s that have received little scholarly attention. Ikeda views works by prominent artists of the time through the lens of fascism, showing that their seemingly straightforward paintings of Mount Fuji, samurai, beautiful women and the countryside supported the war by reinforcing a state ideology that justified violence in the name of the country’s cultural authenticity.
Asato Ikeda is an Assistant Professor at Fordham University. Her research interests lie in modern Japanese art in particular and Asian art in general, and the topics of imperialism/colonialism, war, fascism, museums, sex, gender and sexuality. Ikeda has co-edited the first English-language anthology on the topic of Japanese war art, Art and War in Japan and its Empire, 1931–1960, and has curated the exhibition A Third Gender: Beautiful Youths in Japanese Prints at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada/Japan Society, New York City.
February
Wednesday, February 20, 6 p.m.
The Marymount School
1026 Fifth Avenue, between 83rd and 84th Streets
New York, NY
A Splendid Spectacle: Yoshitoshi Prints at the Philadelphia Museum
of Art
Shelley R. Langdale, The Park Family Curator of Prints and Drawings, will present a talk on the extraordinary holdings of nearly 1,200 prints by Yoshitoshi in the Philadelphia Museum of Art—the largest collection outside of Japan. She will discuss how the collection was assembled and offer a preview of the forthcoming exhibition of the artist’s prints to be held at the Museum from April 16 to August 18.
Langdale is the President of the Print Council of America and the Park Family Associate Curator of Prints and Drawings at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Before her tenure in Philadelphia, she worked at the Fogg Art Museum, The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Cleveland Museum of Art. Over the years Langdale has organized and collaborated on an extraordinary range of exhibitions including Battle of the Nudes: Pollaiuolo’s Renaissance Masterpiece; Edvard Munch’s Mermaid; and Picturing the West: Yokohama Prints 1859–1870s. She was also part of the curatorial team for the international contemporary art festival Philagrafika, held throughout the city of Philadelphia in 2010. In 2015 she was co-instructor with University of Pennsylvania Professor Julie Davis for the seminar Representing Place: Landscape and the Imagination in Japanese and Western Prints offered in association with the exhibition A Sense of Place: Modern Japanese Prints (with works drawn from the PMA collection and organized with students) held at the Arthur Ross Gallery at the university. Currently, Langdale is curating an exhibition of the work of the last great ukiyo-e woodcut master, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1992), scheduled to open in spring of 2019 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which owns the largest collection of the artist’s prints outside of Japan.
Thursday, February 21, 9 a.m.
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ
Excursion to Princeton: Picturing Japan exhibition
Join JASA members for a private tour of the special exhibition Picturing Place in Japan, as well as the special installation in the Japanese art galleries In the Making: The Practice of Painting in Early-Modern Japan, curated by Princeton graduate student, Caitlin Karyadi. We will be guided by eminent art historian and the exhibition’s curator Andrew M. Watsky, Professor of Japanese Art History, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, and Cary Liu, Nancy and Peter Lee Curator of Asian Art. This thematic exhibition of Japanese painting features many of the museum’s recent acquisitions and promised gifts of the Gitter Yelen Collection.
Members will travel by luxury bus from Manhattan (departing at 9 a.m. at Asia Society) to Princeton, expecting to arrive around 10:30. There will be a special tour of the exhibition and a visit to the Japanese Art Galleries. Then we will walk or drive to the Nassau Club on Mercer Street for a private luncheon at 1:15 p.m. The bus will depart no later than 3 p.m. for the return drive to Manhattan from the Nassau Club parking lot.
March
Sunday, March 17, 11 a.m.
Japan Society Auditorium
333 East 47th St.
New York, NY
Lecture and JASA Annual Meeting
Robert Mintz, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Art and Programs, at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, will discuss Olympic Visions: Avery Brundage’s Japanese Art Collection. When Midwest entrepreneur, athlete, collector and philanthropist Avery Brundage gave his collections to the city of San Francisco, that served as the founding act of generosity responsible for the creation of the Asian Art Museum. This talk looks specifically at Brundage’s long relationship with Japan through the lens of his Japanese art collection. Brundage’s tenure as head of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972 positioned him to have a profound impact on U.S.-Japan relations in the post-war era. His Japanese art collection played an important role in this relationship and is an expression of his profound belief in the power of both art and sport to bring about world peace.
As Deputy Director, Dr. Mintz guides the Asian Art Museum’s exhibitions and collections efforts. Prior to this, he served as Chief Curator and the Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Quincy Scott Curator of Asian Art at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. He has taught the history of Asian and of Japanese art for several universities, first near Seattle (Central Washington University, Seattle University, the University of Washington) and later in Maryland (Towson University, The Johns Hopkins University). His current research projects include an exploration of the contemporary potters active in Kyushu and continued work on the history of collecting Asian art in 20th century America.
Thursday, March 28, 6 p.m.
Columbia University
Room 807 (8th floor Schermerhorn Hall, NOT Room 612, where previous lectures have been held)
1190 Amsterdam Ave.
New York, NY
The Changing Images of the Third Princess from The Tale of Genji
This presentation by Masako Watanabe will focus on a particular episode from the 34th chapter of The Tale of Genji, known as ”New Herbs.” The chapter describes one of the critical points in the life of Hikaru Genji, whose young wife, the Third Princess, is in an illicit love affair with the young noble Kashiwagi. As a result, Kaoru is born, the Third Princess becomes a nun and Kashiwagi becomes sick and dies.
Masako Watanabe is an independent scholar who specializes in the study of narrative paintings including The Tale of Genji. She was formerly the Senior Research Associate in the Department of Asian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and was also Assistant Curator at the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University. More recently, she was a researcher and lecturer at Gakushūin University in Tokyo. Among the many exhibitions she has curated is Samurai: Beyond the Sword (2014, Detroit Institute of Art), Storytelling in Japanese Art (2011, Metropolitan Museum of Art), and The Tale of Genji: Splendor and Innovation in Edo Culture (1997, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art).
This event is co-hosted by JASA and the Mary Griggs Burke Center for Japanese Art, Columbia University. A reception will be held after the lecture, at about 7 p.m., in the foyer outside the new lecture hall, which is located next to Mary Griggs Burke Center for Japanese Art.
May
Friday, May 3
Philadelphia Museum of Art
2600 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA
JASA Excursion to Philadelphia exhibitions
This day trip will leave at 9 a.m. from the Asia Society to journey by bus to the Philadelphia Museum. We will start at the Philadelphia Museum of Art with tours of the exhibitions Yoshitoshi: Spirit and Spectacle with Shelley Langdale, Park Family Associate Curator of Prints and Drawings, and Philadelphia Collects Meiji with Felice Fischer, the Luther W. Brady Curator of Japanese Art. The Philadelphia Museum of Art owns more than 1,000 color woodcuts by Yoshitoshi—the largest holdings of the artist’s prints outside of Japan. This is first time in more than 25 years the museum has featured Yoshitoshi’s work in an exhibition. The Meiji exhibition presents highlights from four American collectors whose works span the impressive craftsmanship of the Meiji period (1868-1912).
After lunch at the museum, we go on to University of Pennsylvania, where Julie Nelson Davis and Lynne Farrington will present a newly received collection of Japanese illustrated books and ukiyo-e prints to the library. This will be a special opportunity for JASA visitors, as it will be the first time many of these materials will be on view since their acquisition.
Friday, May 10, 5:30 p.m., AND Friday, May 24, 5:30 p.m.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1000 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10028
(Meet at the Tour Group Desk at the Main Entrance 15 minutes prior to the tour.)
Exhibition Tour of The Tale of Genji
John Carpenter, The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Mary Griggs Burke Curator of Japanese Art, will be leading a JASA tour of the new exhibition The Tale of Genji: A Japanese Classic Illuminated. This is the first major loan exhibition in North America to focus on the artistic tradition inspired by Japan’s most celebrated work of literature, The Tale of Genji. Covering the period from the 11th century to the present, the exhibition features more than 120 works, including paintings, calligraphy, silk robes, lacquer wedding-set items, a palanquin for the shogun’s bride, and popular art such as ukiyo-e prints and modern manga. Highlights include two National Treasures and several works recognized as Important Cultural Properties. For the first time ever outside Japan, rare works are on view from Ishiyamadera Temple—where, according to legend, Murasaki Shikibu started writing the tale.
Tuesday, May 14, 1 p.m.
Japan House
6801 Hollywood Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA
Contemporary Japanese Ceramics in Los Angeles
Japanese Art Curator Hollis Goodall from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art will lead a special tour of Keshiki—The Landscape Within: Contemporary Japanese Ceramics from the Brodfuehrer Collection. The exhibition showcases the incredible diversity of styles and techniques found in Japan’s contemporary ceramic work, with a focus on regionality and keshiki, or “landscape.” Keshiki refers to the glaze, scorch markings, cracks and indentations on the surface of ceramics, and has long been celebrated by Japanese artists and collectors as adding beauty, depth and value to individual works. Hollis is curator of the exhibition featuring selections from the collection of San Diego resident (and JASA member) Gordon Brodfuehrer.
Following the exhibition walk through at Japan House, the group will travel to the nearby Nonaka-Hill Gallery, which specializes in contemporary Japanese art. Owners Rodney and Taka Nonaka-Hill will show select contemporary Japanese ceramics and discuss them with Hollis and the group.
June
Tuesday, June 11, 11 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Cleveland Museum of Art
11150 East Blvd.
Cleveland, OH
Excursion to the Shinto exhibit
JASA members are invited to a very special day at the Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) to tour the landmark show Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art with Japanese Art Curator Sinead Vilbar. We will also walk through the museum’s extraordinary permanent collection of Japanese art on rotation, and see select objects from storage in the museum’s Art Study Room.
This is the first exploration devoted to Shinto art from collections in both the United States and Japan spanning the Heian through Edo periods. The exhibition and its accompanying catalogue take a thematic approach to understanding the artworks created to celebrate the world of kami, including paintings, objects and costumes that express the everyday engagement of people with divinities in their midst. It features treasures from Japanese shrines and temples, and a significant number of works designated as Important Cultural Properties by the Japanese government. The exhibition closes on June 30 and is not traveling.
The CMA has one of the largest and finest collections of Japanese art in the United States, assembled under the leadership of legendary curators and directors, including Dr. Sherman Lee. Participants will have the rare opportunity to view some of the museum’s important holdings that are not often on display to the public.
Friday, June 14, 10 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Museum of Fine Arts
465 Huntington Ave.
Boston, MA
Harvard Art Museums
32 Quincy St.
Cambridge, MA
JASA Trip to Boston and Cambridge
This JASA excursion will begin at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where we will visit the galleries and also view a private display of art works with Sarah Thompson, Curator for Japanese Prints, and Tomoko Nagakura, Assistant Curator of Japanese Art. During the private viewing, we will see selected highlights of the MFA’s Japanese woodblock prints as well as a small number of scrolls. Included among the works to be shown are prints by Utamaro and Hokusai from the MFA’s Spaulding Collection of Ukiyoe prints, the gallery display of which is restricted in order to maintain the fine condition of the prints. Thus, this will be a rare opportunity to view them in person.
After lunch at the MFA (on our own), we will travel by bus to Cambridge to visit the Harvard Art Museums. Starting at 2 pm, we will tour the museum’s special exhibition “Prince Shōtoku: The Secrets Within” with Dr. Rachel Saunders, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Associate Curator of Asian Art. This exhibition, curated by Dr. Saunders, gives visitors the rare chance to encounter a significant 13th-century Japanese icon, Prince Shōtoku at age two, from the inside out. Prince Shōtoku Taishi (c. 574–622) is regarded as the founder of Buddhism in Japan. The diminutive life-size sculpture—the oldest and finest of its kind—is remarkable not only for its seemingly animated presence, but also for the cache of more than 70 objects contained within the hollow body cavity. (An article by Dr. Saunders about this masterpiece appeared in the most recent edition of Impressions.)
After the tour, we will visit the museum’s Art Study Center with Narayan Khandekar, Director of the Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies and Senior Conservation Scientist, to explore pigments and painting in Japan. This session will feature an up-close, cross-disciplinary exploration of the physical and poetic qualities of the chromatic vocabulary of classical, early modern, and modern Japanese painting. The Art Study Center constitutes one of the most revolutionary components of the 2014 Renzo Piano renovation of the Harvard Art Museums’ building. Housed under the museums’ glass rooftop, the Study Center, which receives controlled natural light ideal for the examination of art, is the heart of scholarly investigation and teaching based on close looking at Harvard.
July
Wednesday, July 17, 2 p.m.–3 p.m.
National Gallery of Art
Constitution Ave. N.W., between 3rd and 9th Streets
Washington, DC
Life of Animals in Japanese Art
Artworks representing animals—real or imaginary, religious or secular—span the full breadth and splendor of Japanese artistic production. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, presents The Life of Animals in Japanese Art, the first exhibition devoted to the subject, covering 17 centuries (from the fifth century to the present day) and a wide variety of media—sculpture, painting, lacquerwork, ceramics, metalwork, textile, and the woodblock print. On view from June 2 through August 18, the exhibition features more than 300 works, drawn from 66 Japanese and 30 American public and private collections. The artists represented range from Sesson Shūkei, Itō Jakuchū, Soga Shōhaku, Katsushika Hokusai, Utagawa Kuniyoshi to Okamoto Tarō, Kusama Yayoi, Issey Miyake, Nara Yoshitomo, and Murakami Takashi.
Please join JASA in Washington, DC on July 17 to see this historic exhibition. Robert T. Singer, Curator and Department Head, Japanese Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, will be giving JASA a private tour. (A smaller and somewhat different version of this exhibition will be shown at LACMA in the fall, and JASA plans to organize a tour of it as well.)
Robert T. Singer received his graduate education and degree in Japanese art and archaeology from Princeton University. Before coming to LACMA in 1988, he was a research fellow at Kyoto University for fourteen years. Singer oversees permanent-collection rotations exhibited in LACMA’s Pavilion for Japanese Art.
September
Monday, September 9, 4:30 p.m. and 6 p.m.
Bonhams
580 Madison Ave., between 56th and 57th Streets
New York, NY
Two lectures on Japanese Art
Bonhams invites JASA members and their friends to two lectures on Japanese art. We will begin at 4:30 p.m. with Connoisseurship of Japanese Prints: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Gary Levine, Consultant to Bonhams for Japanese Prints, will share his expertise on Japanese prints from ukiyo-e to shinhanga. The care and handling of Japanese prints will be addressed, along with what to look for when beginning and maintaining a collection, in addition to other topics relevant to novice and experienced collectors alike. Due to security measures, prints are NOT allowed to be brought into the building.
At 6 p.m. Stephen Little, Florence and Harry Sloan Curator of Chinese Art, and head of the Chinese, Korean and South and Southeast Asian Art Deparments at LACMA, will present A View of the Pinnacle, a talk discussing the myriad objects in the Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis Collection.
October
Friday–Saturday, October 4–5
San Francisco and Berkeley, CA
JASA Excursion to Bay Area
The trip begins at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco on Friday, where Deputy Director Robert Mintz will take our group through Changing and Unchanging Things: Noguchi and Hasegawa in Postwar Japan. This exhibition considers the consequential friendship of two artists—one Japanese American but drawn to Japan, the other Japanese but influenced by the West—both in search of a new direction for modern art in the aftermath of the Second World War. He will also guide us through the latest rotation in the museum’s renowned permanent collection of Japanese Art and show us some other special items.
Next, we will cross the Bay Bridge to the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, where Asian Art Curator Julia White has invited JASA to a special reception and tour in connection with the opening of Hinges: Sakaki Hyakusen and the Birth of Nanga Painting. This is the first U.S. exhibition to focus on the art of Sakaki Hyakusen (1697–1752), the founding father of the Nanga school of painting in Japan. It brings together works by Hyakusen with stellar pieces by artists from the first and second generations of Nanga painting, such as Ike Taiga and Yosa Buson, drawn from the Berkeley collection as well as from major lenders including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art and Minneapolis Institute of Art.
On Saturday, we will attend a colloquium at the Berkeley Museum, Sakaki Hyakusen and the Birth of Nanga Painting, featuring curators and experts Julia White, Felice Fischer, Patricia Graham and Richard Pegg. Before or after the half-day colloquium, members will have the opportunity to visit other collections in the museum, including Meditation in Motion: Zen Calligraphy from the Stuart Katz Collection.
This excursion is limited to 20 people. There is no charge to participate; however, members are responsible for their own admission to the two museums. Meals are on your own; if there is sufficient interest, a group dinner will be arranged for Friday. There are several hotels within walking distance of the Berkeley Museum, including Hotel Shattuck Plaza and the Berkeley City Club. Reservations should be made early since this is a busy weekend in Berkeley.
Thursday, October 10, 10:30 a.m.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1000 Fifth Ave.
New York, NY
Tour of Kyoto: Capital of Artistic Imagination
Curator Monika Bincsik, Diane and Arthur Abbey Assistant Curator for Japanese Decorative Arts, will lead us on a special tour of The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s new exhibition in the Arts of Japan Galleries that investigates the rich cultural heritage of Kyoto, highlighting decorative artworks including lacquers, ceramics and textiles. Kyoto: Capital of Artistic Imagination showcases more than 200 works in four rotations, almost all drawn from The Met collection. Among the works on view, highlights include an exquisite medieval armor believed to have been donated to a Kyoto shrine by Ashikaga Takauji (1305–1358), founder of the Ashikaga shogunate; a set of five camellia-shaped side dishes in vivid colors by the workshop of the famous potter and painter Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743); and a rare 18th-century hand-painted satin overrobe by Gion Nankai (1677–1751).
Wednesday–Sunday, October 23–27
Javits Center
11th Ave. at 35th St.
New York, NY
www.printfair.com
IFPDA Fine Art Print Fair
The International Fine Print Dealers Association (IFPDA) represents more than 160 vetted international art galleries and publishers who champion the work of artists in printmaking, from old master to contemporary. Each year the IFPDA organizes the Fine Art Print Fair in New York, the largest and longest-running art fair in New York showcasing 500 years of printmaking. Proceeds from the fair benefit the IFPDA Foundation, which awards curatorial, exhibition and artists’ grants in the field of printmaking and scholarship. Hours and events:
Wednesday, October 23, 5–9 p.m.: Opening night reception benefiting the IFPDA Foundation
Thursday, October 24, 12–7 p.m.; 7-9 p.m.: Young Collectors Cocktails
Friday, October 25, and Saturday, October 26, 12–8 p.m.
Sunday, October 27: 12–5 p.m.
November
Sunday, November 10, 11 a.m.–noon
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
5905 Wilshire Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA
Tour of Every Living Thing
A special tour of the exhibition Every Living Thing: Animals in Japanese Art will be led by Robert T. Singer, curator and head, Japanese Art Department at LACMA, who curated the exhibition in both Washington, D.C., earlier this year and Los Angeles. The tour has been arranged by the Southern California chapter of the International Netsuke Society, which has kindly invited JASA members to participate as well.
Monday, November 18, 6 p.m.
The Marymount School
1026 Fifth Ave., between 83rd and 84th Streets
New York, NY
Mediating Salvation in Medieval Japanese Hell Paintings: Image, Text, Ritual
Perhaps no other objects in the history of Japanese art have commanded as much scholarly attention as images of hell and other afflictions. Depicted in arresting detail, scholars have long noted that illustrations of the infernal realms often mirror the equally vivid descriptions of postmortem tortures found in the text The Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land (Ōjōyōshū), completed in 985 by the monk Genshin. A 14th-century set of paintings owned by the Idemitsu Museum of Arts, however, complicates this assertion and calls into question the relationship between The Essentials and representations of hell. This set, which consists of two hanging scrolls each measuring a commanding 160.5 cm in height and 137.8 cm in length, is distinguished by the inclusion of inscriptions of The Essentials located in four areas dispersed over the paintings. Yet a closer inspection of the relationship between word and picture reveals deep discords between text and image and calls into question the role of The Essentials in the paintings.
Using the Idemitsu set as her focus, Miriam Chusid, a Visiting Assistant Professor at Haverford College and former postdoctoral Fellow at the Mary Griggs Burke Center for Japanese Art at Columbia University, will reassess the role that The Essentials played in the production and reception of hell paintings. Going beyond existing scholarly interpretations that seek to understand how pictorial elements parallel textual description, she will examine the history of viewing hell images in early medieval Japan and suggest how The Essentials fits into this practice. She will also discuss approaches for the study of Buddhist painting that take into consideration histories of viewing, use and religious practice.
December
Saturday, December 7, 2 p.m.
Japan Society
333 E 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
Made in Tokyo: 1964-2020 Architecture and Living
JASA members and their guests are invited for a special tour of “Made in Tokyo.” Co-curated with the Tokyo-based architectural firm Atelier Bow-wow (Momoyo Kaijima and Yoshiharu Tsukamoto), this exhibition introduces the shifting socio-architectural facilities and landscape between the two Olympics, 1964 and 2020.
Since its hosting of the Summer Olympics in 1964, the city of Tokyo has witnessed several waves of social, political and economic change. The 1964 Games provided Japan with the opportunity to show off its technological prowess through infrastructural improvements, such as the Metropolitan Expressway, bullet trains and high-rise buildings. After the economic boom of the 1970s, and the bubble economy of the 1980s, the 1990s saw a decline, a development that altered the relationship of Tokyo residents with their city. In the 21st century, Japan’s population is aging significantly, while the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake has critically altered how citizens envision quality-of-life.
Tokyo is still changing, this time in advance of the 2020 Olympics. In response to these significant transitions, we wonder: What role has architecture played in developing Tokyo into the metropolis that it is today? How does it embody the transition of the city? Through its fieldwork, Atelier Bow-wow has examined and interpreted Tokyo’s dramatic transitions, its ups and downs, and its next steps through the lenses of Reconstructing Commons, Ecology of Livelihood, Genealogy of House, and Redefining Gap.
This exhibition investigates the needs and transitions of architecture in Tokyo. From its vernacular structures and common spaces, to its impact on the life of people, this project depicts their study through architectural models, drawings, renderings, videos, and photographs along with artworks to which Tokyo gave birth.
Monday, December 9, 6 p.m.
The Marymount School
1026 Fifth Ave., between 83rd and 84th Streets
New York, NY
The Discovery of Style in 16th-century Eastern Japan and JASA holiday party
This talk by Aaron Rio, Associate Curator of Japanese Art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, will take a recently rediscovered painting by the prolific but little known Japanese painter Keison as a starting point to examine the contours of ink painting in late medieval eastern Japan. Active around the middle of the 16th century in the eastern Kantō region, Keison’s oeuvre reveals proficiency in a specific array of painting styles, some rooted in Kantō and others newly imported from Kyoto. We will explore each of these styles, their sources, and Keison’s handling of them through a close look at a selection of his extant works.
The JASA Annual Holiday Party will be celebrated following Dr. Rio’s presentation.